PART - 4 Time and Tenses|Difference between Time and Tense:|Types of Tense:|Use of types of sentences with example

PART - 4 ENGLISH GRAMMAR

😊 Time and Tense 

Difference between Time and Tense:

Time and Tense दो अलग चीज़ें हैं। Time का संबंध क्रिया के अर्थ(meaning) से रहता है जबकि Tense का संबंध क्रिया  के रूप (Form) से। Time  का concept  पूरे विश्व में एक सम्मान है, जबकि Tense का concept भिन्न-भिन्न भाषाओं में भिन्न-भिन्न है।  Time का concept भाषा या व्याकरण से स्वतंत्र है, जबकि Tense पूरी तरह एक Grammatical concept है। Time से हमारा अभिप्राय बीते हुए समय वर्तमान समय तथा आने वाले समय से है। पूरे विश्व में इसे भूत (past), वर्तमान (present) तथा भविष्य (future) से निरूपित किया जाता है। समय एक Non-grammatical concept है ,जिससे मानव उस समय भी महसूस करते थे, जब उनके बीच किसी भी भाषा का विकास नहीं हुआ था। Time and Tense के बीच के अंतर को समझने के लिए इस Sentence पर  विचार करें - "He is buying a computer next month." इसका अर्थ हुआ कि " वह अगले माह कंप्यूटर खरीद रहा है। " इस वाक्य की क्रिया Present Tense  में  है, परंतु इससे Future Time का  बोध हो रहा है। यदि Time and Tense दोनों एक ही चीज होते, तो Present Tense  केवल Present Time  का ही बोध होता, Future Time का नहीं इस प्रकार या पूरी तरह स्पष्ट है कि Time and Tense  दो भिन्न concept हैं। टाइम्स को इस प्रकार परिभाषित किया जा सकता है। 

Tense को इस प्रकार परिभाषित किया जा सकता है:-

"To express the time of an action and its degree of completeness, tense is used."

* Types of Tense:- 

1. Present Tense
2. Past Tense
3. Future Tense

Then there are four distinctions of each Tense to express different states of action in the same period.

1. Simple/Indefinite
2. Continuous/Progressive/Imperfect
3. Perfect
4. Perfect Continuous

1.Present Tense

1. Simple Present Tense:

Structures:

1.  S+V1/V5+O/C
2. S+Do/Does+not+V1......
3. Do/does+S+V1+.........+?

* Use of Simple Present Tense:

1. To express permanent Actions- Example: I live in Patna.
2. To express Habitual actions- Example: He never comes on time.
3.  To express Routined Actions- Example: I get up at 5 a.m.
4. To express the Universal/General truth/Principle- Example: Milk is white.
5. To express Planned Future Actions/Firm Decision/Programmes- Example: I leave for Delhi tomorrow.
6. To express Possession/Ownership- Example: I have a car.
7. To express Historical Events/facts- Example: India becomes free in 1947.
8. To express Quotations- Example: Keats says, "Beauty is to see, not to touch."
9. To express Commentary/series of events- Example: Tendulkar bags four runs more.
10. To express a Subordinate clause of Time and Condition introduced by if, till or when in a Conditional Sentence- Example: If you give me blood, I will give you freedom.
11. To express Newspaper Headlines- Example: ULFA kills Ten.
12. To express Situation/Existence/Position in the Present- Example: Lord Ram is an ideal personality.
13. To express Dramatic Narratives- Example: Rana Pratap now draws his sword and attacks the enemy.
14. To begin an Imperative sentence- Example: Obey the rules of the road.

2.Present continuous Tense:

Structures:

1. S+am/are/is+V4+O/C
2. S+am/are/is+not+V4+O/C
3. am/are/is+S+V4+O/C+?

* Use of Present Continuous Tense:

1. To express Temporary Actions in the Present-Example: Patna is facing electricity problem these days.
2. To express Actions Happening at the Time of speaking-Example: Ritu is studying in her room.
3. To express actions in Programs, but not necessarily at the time of speaking-Example: I am writing a book these days.
4. To express Actions definitely Planned for the Near Future-Example: I am going to Delhi next week.
5. To express Persistent Actions-Example: She is always asking questions.

3.Present Perfect Tense:

Structures:

1. S+have/has+V3+O/C
2. S+have/has+not+V3+O/C
3. have/has+S+V3+O/C+?

* Use of Present perfect Tense:

1. To express actions that have been completed but whose effect continues -Example: I have taken my lunch.
2. To express actions completed recently-Example: I have just received the letter.
3. To express actions started in the past and continued up to the present moment-Example: I have worked in this college for ten years.
4. To express actions completed in the past but whose time of completion is not given- Example: I have bought a new T.V.set.
5. To express news of recent events- Example: And here are the main points of the news again.

4.Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

Structures:

1. S+have/has+been+V4+O/C
2. S+have/has+not+been+V4+O/C
3. have/has+S+been+V4+O/C+?

* Use of Present perfect Continuous Tense:

1. To express actions started in the past and still going on and may extend into the Future-Example: We have been living in Patna since 1986.

2.Past Tense

1. Simple Past Tense:

Structures:

1. S+V2+O/c
   
2. S+did+not+V1+O/C
3. Did+S+V1+O/C+?

* Use of Simple Past Tense:

1. To express actions completed in the past-Example: I met him yesterday.
2. To express Habitual Actions in the past-Example: He always came on time.
3. To express Situation/Position/Existence in the past-Example: Nehru was a great statesman.
4. To express Possession in the past-Example: India had a great amount of Gold.
5. To express two actions taking place simultaneously-Example: While they danced, we sang songs.
6. To express two actions, where the first action leads instantly to the second action-Example: When he called me a rascal, I hit him.

2.Past continuous Tense:

Structures:

1. S+was/were+V4+O/C
   
2. S+was/were+not+V4+O/C
3. was/were+S+V4+O/C+?

* Use of Past Continuous Tense:

1. To express Temporary Actions in the Past. The Time of the action may or may not be mentioned-Example: I was talking to my friend. 
2. To express Two Actions going on at the same time in the past-Example: While I was doing my homework, my sister was reading a novel in her study room.
3. To express actions repeated over a period of time in the Past-Example: He was always troubling his parents
4. To express actions going on at the same time another action takes place-Example: M.P.'s started shouting.

3.Past Perfect Tense:

Structures:

1. S+had+V3+O/C
   
2. S+had+not+V3+O/C
3. Had+S+V3+O/C+?

* Use of Past Perfect Tense:

1. Past Perfect Tense का  प्रयोग सामान्यतः  अकेले नहीं किया जाता है। Past Perfect Tense is actually, the past of the past है। जब Past(भूतकाल) में दो कार्य समाप्त हो गए हो, तो पहले समाप्त (Complete) होने वाले कार्य के साथ Past Perfect का प्रयोग होता है और बाद में समाप्त होने वाले कार्य के साथ Simple Past/Past Indefinite का;जैसे - The patient had died before the docter came.
2. सामान्यतः  Past Perfect Tense का प्रयोग तब होता है जब भूतकाल में एक क्रिया संपन्न होने के बाद दूसरी क्रिया संपन्न हुई हो, लेकिन कभी-कभी ऐसे Sentences से भी हमारा सामना होता है जिनके Structure से तो नहीं लेकिन संदर्भ (Context) से यह स्पष्ट होता है कि एक कार्य दूसरे कार्य के बहुत पहले ही समाप्त हो चुका था। ऐसे Sentences में भी दूसरा कार्य लुप्त (Silent) रहता है। ऐसे Sentences में भी Past Perfect Tense की क्रिया का प्रयोग होता है। इनमें Still, before, never, already, till, since इत्यादि का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे- Shivam had already completed his home-work.
3. Past Perfect Tense का प्रयोग Unfulfilled Action. (अधूरे कार्य) Unfulfilled wish (अधूरी इच्छा) की अभिव्यक्ति के लिए किया जाता है; जैसे- If I had invited him to the function, he would have accepted it.
4. To express actions that did not come to expectation-Example: I had hoped that she would come.
5. To express the action or event which has been completed before some point of time-Example: By evening she had completed her work
6. Past Perfect Tense का प्रयोग अनेक परिस्थितियों में Present Perfect Tense के Past Equivalent की तरह होता है; जैसे-  I had taught in this college since 1986.

4.Past Perfect Continuous Tense:

Structures:

1. S+had been+V4+O/C
   
2. S+had+not+ been+V4+O/C
3. Had+S+ been+V4+O/C+?

* Use of Past Perfect Continuous Tense:

1. To express actions which started in the past and continued for some time in the past-Example: I had been working in this company since 1990.
2. To express an action that had been going on for sometime before another action took place in the past-Example: We had been standing in a queue for half an hour before the train arrived.

3.Future Tense

1. Simple Future Tense:

Structures:

1.  S+shall/will+V1+O/C
2.  S+shall/will+not+V1+O/C
3.  shall/will+S+V1+O/C+?

* Use of Simple Future Tense:

1. To express actions to take place in future or to express simple futurity-Example: I shall read this book.
2. To express Natural/habitual Actions in the Future-Example: Spring will come again.
3. to express offer/Invitation/suggestion-Example: Shall I help you?
4. To express Imagination-Example: He will be over forty.
5. To express Determination/Promise/Intention in the future-Example: We shall fight and we shall win.
6. To express Commands/Instruction/orders-Example:   All of the students shall come in uniform.

2.Future continuous Tense:

Structures:

1. S+shall/will+be+V4+O/C

3. shall/will+S+be+V4+O/C+?

* Use of Future Continuous Tense:

1. To express Temporary Actions and Future plans-Example: I shall be waiting for you.
2. To express Imagination-Example: Lata will be singing a song.
3. To express Habitual Actions in the Future-Example: Children will be growing into adults.

3. Future Perfect Tense:

Structures:

1. S+shall/will+have+V3+O/C
   
2. S+shall/will+not+have+V+O/C
3. shall/will+S+have+V3+O/C+?

* Use of Future Perfect Tense:

1. To express actions to be completed by a certain time in the Future-Example: I shall have come back by the evening.
2. To express Assumptions-Example: She will have got the first prize.

4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense:

Structures:

1. S+shall/will+have been+V4+O/C
2. S+shall/will+not+have been+V4+O/C
3. shall/will+S+have been+V4+O/C+?

* Use of Future Perfect ContinuousTense:

1. Future Perfect Continuous का प्रयोग ऐसे कार्य व्यापार की अभिव्यक्ति के लिए किया जाता है जो भविष्य में काफी समय तक/किसी का समय तक जारी रहेगा। 

           Example: Leaders will not have been deceiving us forever.